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Human Endocrine Glands

Human Endocrine Glands

Gland
Hormone
Functions
Hypothalamus
Releasing and inhibiting hormones and factors
Posterior pituitary hormones produced here
Control of another pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary gland
Receives hormones from hypothalamus no hormones synthesised here
stores and secretes the following:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)
Ejection of milk from mammary gland, contraction of uterus during birth
Reduction of urine secretion by kidney
Anterior pituitary gland
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH or corticotrophin)
Growth hormone (GH)
In male, stimulate spermatogenesis
In female, growth of ovarian follicles
In male testosterone secretion
In female secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, ovulation and maintenance of corpus luteum
Stimulates milk production and secretion
Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones growth of thyroid glands.
Synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones growth of gland
Protein synthesis, growth, especially of bone of limbs
Parathyroid gland
Parathormone
Increases blood calcium level
Decreases blood phosphate level
Thyroid gland
Triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
Regulation of basal metabolic rate, growth and development
Decreases blood calcium level
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Protein breakdown, glucose/glycogen synthesis,adaptation to stress, anti-inflammatory/allergy effects
Na+ retention in kidney, Na+ and K+ ratios in extracellular and intracellular fluids, raises blood pressure
Adrenal medulla
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Increase rate and force of heartbeat, constriction of skin and gut capillaries
Dilation of arterioles of heart and skeletal muscles, raising blood glucose level
General constriction of small arteries, raising of blood pressure
Islets of Langerhans
Insulin (beta cells)
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Decreases blood glucose level, increases glucose and amino acid uptake and utilisation by cells
Increases blood glucose level, breakdown of glucogen to glucose in liver
stomach
Duodenum
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin)
Secretion of gastric juices
Secretion of pancreatic juice
Inhibits gastric secretion
Emptying of gall bladder and release of pancreatic juice in to duodenum
Kidney
Ovary
Renin
Oestrogens(17 Beta-oestradiol)
Progesterone
Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin
Female secondary sex characteristics, oestrous cycle
Gestation, inhibition of ovulation
Corpus luteum
Progesterone and oestrogen
Progesterone ans oestrogen
Growth and development of uterus
Foetal development
Placenta
Chorionic gonadotrophin
Human placental lactogen
Maintenance of corpus luteum
Stimulates mammary growth
Testis
Testosterone
Male secondary sexual characteristics